Authors:
- Julia Kuperminc: -

- Kallie Mitchell: -

- Hayley Stone: -

- Kate Vigneswaran: -

Contents:

	Foreword (p. 3)
	Map of Tigray Region (p. 4)
	I. Glossary (p. 5)
	II. Executive Summary (p. 6)
	III. Background to the Conflict in Tigray (p. 9)
		A. The Tigray Conflict Context (p. 9)
		B. Gender Norms and Structures Relevant to the Commission of Crimes in Tigray (p. 11)
			i. Gender Norms in Ethiopia(p. 11)
			ii. Institutionalized Militarized Masculinity (p. 12)
			iii. The Continuum of Violence: Gendered Vulnerabilities to Conflict (p. 13)
	IV. Conflict-Related Sexual and Reproductive Violence (p. 15)
		A. Rape and Other Acts of Sexual Violence (p. 16)
		B. Reproductive Violence (p. 17)
		C. Access to Health Care and Its Impact on Survivors of Sexual and Reproductive Violence (p. 19)
		D. Sexual and Reproductive Violence Committed by the TPLF and Allied Militia (p. 20)
		E. Sexual and Reproductive Violence after the Conclusion of the Conflict (p. 21)
		F. The Mental Health and Social Impacts of Sexual and Reproductive Violence on Survivors (p. 21)
		G. The Commission of Other Crimes during the Conflict (p. 22)
	V. Findings on the Commission of International Crimes Through Sexual and Reproductive Violence (p. 24)
		A. Crimes Against Humanity (p. 24)
			i. Underlying Acts of Crimes Against Humanity (p. 24)
			ii. The Widespread and Systematic Basis of the Attack Against the Civilian Population (p. 27)
		B. War Crimes (p. 28)
		C. Genocide (p. 28)
		D. Crimes Committed by the TPLF and Allied Militias (p. 29)
	VI. Responsibility for Sexual and Reproductive Violence Committed in the Tigray Conflict (p. 30)
		A. Individual Criminal Liability (p. 30)
		B. State Responsibility under International Law (p. 31)
	VII. Recommendations (p. 33)
	Author Biographies (p. 36)
	Acknowledgments (p. 37)
	Endnotes (p. 38)

Summary: »Sexual and reproductive violence inflicted on women, girls, men, boys, and LGBTQI+ persons by all parties to the conflict in Tigray was brutal, leaving survivors with lifelong physical scars and mental trauma that will, in turn, affect generations to come. An investigation by the U.N. International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia (ICHREE), mandated by the U.N. Human Rights Council, found that, in the context of the armed conflict between Ethiopian and allied forces and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front and the commission of a wide range of other crimes, this violence constituted war crimes and crimes against humanity—including rape, sexual slavery, and torture—and may constitute genocide. Their investigation, and further widespread reporting by state and U.N. authorities and nongovernmental organizations, demonstrate the gravity, scale, and horrific nature of the sexual and reproductive violence and the gendered, ethnic, and political grounds upon which it was inflicted by perpetrators on the victims.
As set out in this report, various carefully documented reports allege that tens of thousands of women, girls, men, boys, and LGBTQI+ persons were subjected to rape, sexual torture, sexual and reproductive mutilation, forced nudity, sexual slavery, and other acts of sexual violence by all parties to the conflict. Rape and reproductive mutilation particularly appear to be intended to prevent women from giving birth to ethnic Tigrayan babies. These crimes were committed in the context of the mass killing and inflicting of other crimes on civilians in Tigray, Amhara, and Afar. Many survivors were prevented from accessing necessary somatic and mental health care services, and some victims who initially survived later died due to their lack of access to medical treatment. Such violence has left survivors with the prospect of facing social stigmatization that would put them at risk and affect their ability to maintain meaningful intimate relationships and ensure community inclusion. These effects are also often compounded by the lack of recognition or adequate redress for survivors, who have been continuously retraumatized as they have attempted to have their voices heard and to get justice for the crimes committed against them, since the formal cessation of hostilities.« (Source: New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy)

Wikipedia: History of Africa: History of Ethiopia | Sex and the law: Sexual violence / Wartime sexual violence | War: Tigray war / Sexual violence in the Tigray war